What do we know about physical activity among older adults?

For starters, physical activity is a powerful means to help prevent age-related loss of function, reduce the risk of chronic disease, improve mental and physical health, and support quality of life.

Older adults who exercise can:

• Reduce their risk of heart disease, some cancers, hypertension, high cholesterol and obesity;
  
• Mediate hypertension, diabetes and depression;
  
• Lower their risk of falls and injury;
  
• And improve their sleep.

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that older adults get 150 minutes of moderate-intensity cardiovascular exercise per week. Recommended activities include strength-training, neuromotor exercise, functional training to improve balance, and flexibility excerise.

In general, strength training is important not only for fall prevention, fat metabolism, and bone health, but for the ability to perform daily activities such as lifting groceries. Cardiovascular conditioning reduces the risk of heart disease, improves endurance, and elevates mood. Improvements in flexibility aid regular activities like reaching, and ease certain conditions like arthritis. Improvements in balance help prevent falls and improve performance in sports and games.

Walking is the primary recommended activity, since it is inexpensive and simple. Only 12% of adults age 65 to 74 years old do strength training, but this is also an equally encouraged activity.

Aging is such a personal process that levels of physical fitness and function can not be recommended by chronological age. Some people in their '70s and '80s run marathons, while others are confined to wheelchairs. The prescription for physical actiivty must account for individual levels of function as well as the biological process of aging.

While the value of physical activity for older adults is well-documented,the number of older adults who exercise remains small. There is an unhealthy trend toward obesity in the older population, which is a future health problem. Other reports show that physical activity is more prevalent among white Americans than among ethnic groups or people of color.

Survey after survey finds that older adults know about the benefits of exercise, yet few take action. How do we change this?

The National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP) is clearly a positive step forward, as it is filled with solid research and recommendations. However, like older adults themselves, we need to move from recognizing that physical activity is important to actually making change happen.

Making an Impact

How do we make an impact? How do we get organizations and individuals to embrace exercise? How do we fulfill the visions of the National Physical Activity Plan?

Maybe the answer lies within an August 27, 2012 New York Times article by Jane Brody. In the article, entitled, "Changing our Tunes on Exercise," Brody interviews Michelle L. Segar, a research investigator at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan. Brody writes that "based on studies of what motivates people to adopt and sustain physical activity, Dr. Segar is urging that experts stop framing moderate exercise as a medical prescription that requires 150 minutes of aerobic effort each week. Instead, public health officials must begin to address 'the emotional hooks that make it essential for people to fit it into their hectic lives.'"

"Immediate rewards are more motivating than distant ones," says Segar. "Feeling happy and less stressed is more motivating than not getting heart disease or cancer, maybe, someday in the future."

How can we benefit from this information? According to Brody, "stop thinking about future health, weight loss, and body image as motivators for exercise. Instead, experts recommend a strategy marketers use to sell products: portray physical activity as a way to enhance current well-being and happiness."

What do you think? Is this a promising strategy? And how will you use it to increase the physical activity level of your older consumer?

In today's society, we're flooded with negative messages and images about what it means to age and to be an older person. We are constantly exposed to stereotypes that show older adults through a lens of decline and diminished value, emphasizing the "burdens" of growing old. In North America, we seldom hear about the value of older adults, or the rich, untapped potential of an aging population. We don't see enough portrayals of active older adults who are taking on new challenges, expanding their knowledge and skills base, or working tirelessly to help others. The result? Our views of aging are distorted.

The distorted view of aging is a major reason we have limited success engaging older adults in physical activity.

Just this month, for example, MSNBC reported on the disconnect between fashion magazines and aging readers. "An analysis of editorial and advertising images reveals that despite proportions of older readers ranging as high as 23%, fashion magazines portray women over 40 sparingly, if at all," writes Stephanie Pappas. "Even in magazines geared toward aging Baby Boomers, the images collectively present a thin, youthful, wrinkle-free ideal that's impossible to maintain later in life."

This ideal has an impact on body image in older women, according to Denise Lewis, a University of Georgia gerontologist and author of the research. "It leads to issues that have people denying age, so going to great lengths to continue to look like that ideal of a youthful person," she explains.  The question is: If aging is something to be negated, denied or even "treated" through plastic surgery, where do we draw the line?

If looking old is somehow unacceptable, what about being old? An ad campaign for Circle K convenience stores blatanly disrespects and dismisses old age. The creative minds behind the campaign have used a drawing of a person in three stages of aging to illustrate the sizes of "Geezerade" slushy drinks and their cost. The eldest stage, which corresponds to the largest and most expensive drink, is an aging caricature: a bald, toothless, wizened old man. "Youngsters" can post their photos on the campaign's website and see themselves turned into "Geezers" - all just for fun, of course.

The "Geezerade" campaign is one overt example of ageism in marketing. But marketers make choices every day that have an impact on how society views aging. The campaigns they create too often reflect and reinforce negative perceptions of aging in society because they show one slice of the aging experience, if they show it at all. Marketing targeted to older people largely misses the mark by failing to connect with the realities of their lives.

One such reality is the ability of older adults to be physically active. Simply shifting attitudes from I can't to I can can help shift society's perceptions of aging, helping more adults to become healthier. 

What can you or your organization do to change perceptions of aging?

Research published in the British scientific journal Age and Ageing found that older adults are highly knowledgeable about the health benefits of physical activity, yet many remain inactive due to the many barriers to participation. This article examines these barriers and suggests ways in which you and your organization can reduce or eliminate their impact on the physical activity levels of older adults.

1. Lack of interest (by far the #1 factor)

Prior to starting a program, have your older customer examine all their options. Would they prefer taking a class or going solo? Are they a morning or night person? Does indoor fitness appeal to them, or would they prefer to play outside? Could they dedicate large blocks of time to physical activity or could they fit only shorter, more frequent intervals into their schedule? What are their real world goals?

Young or old, people tend to enjoy things that interest them, that help them reach a goal or that is fun and social. By simply asking what they like to do you can break this barrier down one program at a time.

2. Shortness of breath

Shortness of breath can be due to a variety of health issues. It can also be that they are simply out of shape. Meet with their  healthcare provider to see whether you'll need to consider any special modifications before starting an exercise program. If necessary, get clearance to begin a program. Educate members that there are ways to address issues to improve their quality of life.

3. Joint pain

According to the Arthritis Foundation, regular, moderate exercise offers a whole host of benefits to people with arthritis. By exercising, your member can reduce joint pain and stiffness, build strong muscle around the joints, and increase flexibility and endurance.

4. Perceived lack of fitness

Education is the key here. Ensure that your members know they can start slowly, i.e. with 5-10-minute walks in the morning, at lunchtime and after dinner. With their resistance training, start them with only a couple of exercises and build up. DO NOT OVERWORK them or you will never see them again. Set long-term goals and show them how they will build their fitness level or workout over time.

5. Lack of energy

In many cases, this barrier is reversible and can be due to a low fitness level. It could also be from the interaction of multiple prescription drugs. The first step to a solution is to establish why they are lacking energy, then explain how being active will actually give them more energy. For many it can even reduce the number of expensive drugs they take.

6. Doubting that exercise can lengthen life

Ask your older customers about their quality of life. Are they able to do the things they want to do? Explain how exercise can improve their quality of life, no matter how long they live. What exercise will offer them is the ability to age on their own terms.

How are you reducing barriers that limit participation levels among your older customers?